Reference	Procedure and Positive Findings
DeLisa (Allopathy)[@237946]	Used to test the biomechanical intervertebral foramen (IVF) circumferential reduction specific to C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7. The purpose of the test is to provoke an irritated nerve with compression and inclusion of the following motions: slight extension and same side bending followed by a downward compression. A positive result reproduces radiating pain along a dermatomal distribution.
Souza (Chiro.)[@237947]	The examiner applies a downward force on top of the head and onto the neck. This is applied in positions of flexion/extension with combined positions of lateral bending and rotation. Radiating pain down the arm is indicative of nerve root involvement.
Haldeman (Chiro.)[@237948]	This source does NOT advocate for striking a placed hand on the patient’s head. In this version, axial compression is applied with the head held in neutral alignment and in a slightly extended and rotated position. Pressure could be held for 30 seconds or more. Symptoms may follow specific dermatomes in the upper extremity.
Ward (Allopathy)[@237949]	Side-bending to the affected side, can narrow the IVF while simultaneously increasing radicular complaints (Spurling sign)
Magee (Physical Therapy)[@237950]	The patient initially contralaterally side bends the head to the unaffected side, and then bends to the affected side. At this time, the examiner carefully applies axial compression to the top of the head.
Hertling & Kessler (Physical Therapy)[@237951]	Part 1: Compression in neutral head position only Part II: Cervical flexion is combined with lateral bending contralateral to the side of pain. This combination of movements it designed to test disk integrity Part III: Neck extension is combined with ipsilateral side bending, in order to test the IVF for possible space occupying lesions. A positive test results in radiating pain into the arm to the side in which the head is laterally flexed during compression. This in turn results in compression onto a nerve root.
Dutton (Physical Therapy)[@237952]	The test is performed by the patient actively rotating their head to the contralateral side of involvement, and then to the involved side. A downward compression is then placed upon the head while in a neutral position. The test is considered positive if pain radiates into the ipsilateral upper extremity and to the same side in which the head was previously rotated.
Evans (Chiro.)[@237953]	Extension and lateral flexion of the neck ipsilateral to the affected side OR a strike to the top of the head may result in an abrupt aggravation of dermatomal neck and/or arm pain. Procedure: The patient’s head is laterally flexed toward the side of complaint Examiner places one hand on top of the seated patient’s head while slowly and incrementally applying a downward pressure. Reproduction of symptoms or “collapse sign” is indicative of a positive test.
Cleland (Physical Therapy)[@237954]	A positive Spurling test results in symptom reproduction during axial compression onto the patient’s head. Spurling A: The patient is seated with the neck laterally flexed toward the involved side; a 7 kg of overpressure is then applied. Spurling B: The patient is seated with the combined motions of extension and side bending/rotation to the involved side, a 7kg of overpressure is applied.
Murphy, et. al. (Chiro.)[@237955]	The patient is seated while the practitioner stands behind the patient. The practitioner then side bends, rotates, and slightly extends the head toward the side of the chief complaint. A gentle but firm downward pressure is then placed upon the head.
Cipriano (Chiro.)[@237942]	Part 1: Performed by laterally flexing the patients head, followed by forceful downward compression. If pain is produced, the test is considered positive. If NO pain is elicited Part 2: Deliver an axial blow to the vertex of the patient’s head, while they are in a neutral position. Local pain may be indicative of facet joint involvement. While radicular pain is more diagnostic of IVF encroachment, degenerative joint disease, or disc derangement with nerve root compression.