SHOW ME THE MONEY! PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES, CAPACITY AND RESEARCH FUNDING WITHIN THE AUSTRALIAN CHIROPRACTIC PROFESSION: RESULTS OF A NATIONWIDE SURVEY
Main Article Content
Keywords
Public Health, Cross-Sectional Research, Research Agendas, Research Priorities
Abstract
Objective: The chiropractic profession faces many challenges to establish credibility for the management of spinal disorders representing the core of its current healthcare market share. The ability and proclivity of the profession to conduct and translate research into practice is increasingly important. Beliefs, perspectives, barriers, and attitudes toward research may affect engagement, capacity, securing funding, and output of research on chiropractic topics.
Method: We used an online questionnaire to investigate perspectives toward capacity and output and barriers to research publication among Australian practicing chiropractors and academics.
Results: Academics and practitioners agreed that it was the responsibility of professional organizations to fund research (p=0.47, 0.56) as opposed to other organizations such as universities with chiropractic undergraduate programs. Surprisingly, practicing chiropractors, as a collective, had a higher research publication output annually in profession-specific peer-reviewed journals than chiropractic academics (p<0.05) over the same time period.
Conclusion: This study has offered thought-provoking results able to inform research activities and priorities. Further definitive investigations exploring research within the chiropractic profession in Australia are feasible, the results of which may invigorate research activities and strategies. We offer recommendations regarding future research activities, some offering reconciliation of the differing research priorities across factions within the chiropractic profession.
Limitations: In the absence of pre-existing, validated questionnaires, we generated a bespoke questionnaire that offers insights into research activity rather than definitive generalizable results. The data is based on participant self-reports, rather than a quantitative determination of research output by impact factor or citations, so responses may have a self-reporting bias. Research output was measured in strata rather than exact numbers, offering a broad impression of research activities and opinions.
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References
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47. Kenny J, Fluck AE. Emerging principles for the allocation of academic work in universities. Higher Education. 2022;83:1371–88.
48. Strahinjevich B, Simpson JK. The schism in chiropractic through the eyes of a 1st year chiropractic student. Chiropr & Man Therap. 2018;26(1):2.
49. Dupre J. Against Scientific Imperialism. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1994;2:374-81.
50. Sackett D, Rosenberg W, Muir Gray J, Haynes R, Richardson W. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996;312(7023):71-2.
51. WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD): World Health Organization; 2022 [3 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
52. WHO. WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic: World Health Organization; 2005 [Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43352.
53. Chockalingam N, Needham R. Spinal Biomechanics. In: Moramarco M, Borysov M, Ng SY, Weiss H-R, editors. Schroth’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2020.
54. White AA, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990.
55. ASRF. Vertebral Subluxation Research: The Development of a Research Agenda for the Australian Spinal Research Foundation: Australian Spinal Research Foundation; 2016 [Available from: https://spinalresearch.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/The-Research-Agenda.pdf.
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58. Hoskins W, Pollard H, Reggars J, Vitiello A, Bonello R. Journal publications by Australian chiropractic academics: are they enough? Chiropr Osteopat. 2006;14(1):13.
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2. Adams J, Peng W, Steel A, Lauche R, Moore C, Amorin-Woods LG, et al. A cross-sectional examination of the profile of chiropractors recruited to the Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN): a sustainable resource for future chiropractic research. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9).
3. CBA. Code of Conduct for Chiropractors 2010 [Available from: http://www.chiropracticboard.gov.au/Codes-guidelines.aspx.
4. Balas EA, Weingarten S, Garb CT, Blumenthal D, Boren SA, Brown GD. Improving preventive care by prompting physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(3):301-8.
5. Green LW. Making research relevant: if it is an evidence-based practice, where's the practice-based evidence? Fam Pract. 2008;25(suppl_1):i20-4.
6. Holt K, Niazi IK, Nedergaard RW, Duehr J, Amjad I, Shafique M, et al. The effects of a single session of chiropractic care on strength, cortical drive, and spinal excitability in stroke patients. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):2673.
7. ICEC. The International Chiropractic Education Collaboration. Clinical and professional chiropractic education: a position statement: International Chiropractic Education Collaboration; 2017 [Available from: https://www.cmcc.ca/documents/international-chiropractic-education-collaboration-position-statement.pdf.
8. Funk MF, Frisina-Deyo AJ, Mirtz TA, Perle SM. The prevalence of the term subluxation in chiropractic degree program curricula throughout the world. Chirop & Man Ther. 2018;26(1):24.
9. Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ, Bronfort G, Perle SM, Metz RD, et al. Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005;13.
10. Schneider MJ, Evans R, Haas M, Leach M, Hawk C, Long C, et al. US chiropractors’ attitudes, skills and use of evidence-based practice: A cross-sectional national survey. Chirop & Man Ther. 2015;23(1):16.
11. Leach MJ, Gillham D. Are complementary medicine practitioners implementing evidence based practice? Complement Ther Med. 2011;19(3):128-36.
12. Leach MJ. Evidence-based practice: A framework for clinical practice and research design. Int J Nurs Pract. 2006;12(5):248-51.
13. Leach MJ, Gillham D. Evaluation of the Evidence-Based practice Attitude and utilization SurvEy for complementary and alternative medicine practitioners. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14(5):792-8.
14. Terhorst L, Leach MJ, Bussières A, Evans R, Schneider MJ. Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude and Utilization Survey. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(4):328-35.
15. Bakkum BW, Chapman C. Barriers to peer-reviewed journal article publication of abstracts presented at the 2006–2008 Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference and Research Agenda Conference Meetings. J Chiropr Educ. 2017;31(1):20-6.
16. Kawchuk G, Newton G, Srbely J, Passmore S, Bussières A, Busse JW, et al. Knowledge Transfer within the Canadian Chiropractic Community. Part 2: Narrowing the Evidence-Practice Gap. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2014;58(3):206-14.
17. Kawchuk G, Bruno P, Busse JW, Bussières A, Erwin M, Passmore S, et al. Knowledge Transfer within the Canadian Chiropractic Community. Part 1: Understanding Evidence-Practice Gaps. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2013;57(2):111-5.
18. McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Wilczynski NL, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Davis DA, et al. A cross-sectional study of the number and frequency of terms used to refer to knowledge translation in a body of health literature in 2006: a Tower of Babel? Implement Sci. 2010;5:16.
19. Brehaut JC, Eva KW. Building theories of knowledge translation interventions: use the entire menu of constructs. Implement Sci. 2012;7:114.
20. Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, Wu AW, Wilson MH, Abboud PA, et al. Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999;282(15):1458-65.
21. Cabana MD, Rushton JL, Rush AJ. Implementing practice guidelines for depression: applying a new framework to an old problem. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24(1):35-42.
22. Amorin-Woods LG, Woods BL, Moore CS, Leach MJ, Kawchuk GN, Adams J. Research priorities of the Australian chiropractic profession: a cross-sectional survey of academics and practitioners. J Manip Phys Therap. 2022;In press.
23. Adams J, Steel A, Chang S, Sibbritt D. Helping address the national research and research capacity needs of Australian chiropractic: introducing the Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN) project. Chiropr Man Therap. 2015;23(12).
24. Adams J, Steel A, Moore C, Amorin-Woods L, Sibbritt D. Establishing the ACORN National Practitioner Database: Strategies to Recruit Practitioners to a National Practice-Based Research Network. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2016;39(8):594-602.
25. ACA. CARL Program: Funding by Australian Chiropractors Association: Australian Chiropractors Association; 2020 [Available from: https://www.chiro.org.au/research/carl/.
26. Adams J, Kawchuk G, Breen A, De Carvalho D, Eklund A, Fernandez M, et al. Leadership and capacity building in international chiropractic research: introducing the chiropractic academy for research leadership (CARL). Chiropr Man Therap. 2018;26:5.
27. CARL. Chiropractic Academy of Research Leadership (CARL) Program 2016 [Available from: https://www.carlresearchfellows.org/.
28. Hartvigsen J, Kawchuk G, Breen A, De Carvalho D, Eklund A, Fernandez M, et al. Leadership and capacity building in chiropractic research: report from the first CARL cohort. Chirop & Man Ther. 2021;29(1):9.
29. ACA. PhD and MRes Scholarships 2020 [Available from: https://www.chiro.org.au/research/scholarships/.
30. CA. Call for Applications for 2020 PhD Scholarship Funding: Chiropractic Australia; 2020 [Available from: https://chiropracticaustralia.org.au/research/applications/.
31. ACA. Back Complaints in Elders: Chiropractic – Australia (BACE:C-A) study.: Australian Chiropractors Association; 2020 [Available from: https://www.chiro.org.au/research/bace-study/.
32. CARF. Chiropractic Australia Research Foundation: Annual reporting Australian Charities and Not-For-Profits Commission Charity Register2019 [Available from: https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/a6dcf4ea-38af-e811-a95e-000d3ad24c60/documents/.
33. CARF. Chiropractic Australia: Research Foundation 2020 [Available from: https://chiropracticaustralia.org.au/research/.
34. ACA. ACA Strategic Plan: Funding of Research 2020 [Available from: https://chiropractors.asn.au/publications-research/caa-research.
35. Tate A. Editors Note. The Australian Chiropractor [Internet]. 2019 May 2, 2019; (Feb 2019):[4 p.]. Available from: https://chiropractors.asn.au/images/stories/Files/TAC/TAC%20040%20FEB%202019%20online%20v3.pdf.
36. Amorin-Woods LG, Woods BL, Moore CS, Leach MJ, Kawchuk GN, Adams J. Developing the Chiropractic Research Priorities in Australia (ChiRPA) Study: a study design protocol. Adv Integr Med. 2019;7(2):108-17.
37. Pfizer. Pfizer Australia Careers: Pfizer Australia; 2016 [Available from: https://www.pfizer.com.au/careers.
38. PEDro. Physiotherapy Evidence Database: University of Sydney/Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA); 2020 [Available from: https://www.pedro.org.au/.
39. Hunt G. $180 Million in Medical Research to Improve the Lives of Australians greghunt.com.au: Greg Hunt: Federal Minister for Health & Aging; 2021 [Available from: https://www.greghunt.com.au/180-million-in-medical-research-to-improve-the-lives-of-australians/.
40. DoH. Budget 2020-21: Record health and aged care investment under Australia’s COVID-19 pandemic plan Canberra: Department of Health; 2021 [Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/budget-2020-21-record-health-and-aged-care-investment-under-australias-covid-19-pandemic-plan.
41. MaqU. $5.3 million funding boost for Macquarie medical research Sydney Australia: Macquarie University; 2021 [Available from: https://www.mq.edu.au/thisweek/2021/06/30/5-3-million-funding-boost-for-macquarie-medical-research/?mkt_tok=MDExLVVCWC0xMjAAAAF-F7j-MmNU4x_IhD84GS-z2GTfUBkfHCrU7HAF_du6vWiAaBTl4hDnSay2IvS5_f7Gi0Xu5qBiPpqYBJvqSH9f9LB7eOqZOVzLjsD8y1EKKkAMAw#.YO-1rugzbIU.
42. SurveyMonkey. Survey Monkey: Get answers with surveys [Available from: https://www.surveymonkey.net/.
43. Dillman DA. Mail and Internet surveys: The tailored design method 2nd Edition--2007 Update with new Internet, visual, and mixed-mode guide. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
44. Konstan JA, Simon Rosser BR, Ross MW, Stanton J, Edwards WM. The Story of Subject Naught: A Cautionary but Optimistic Tale of Internet Survey Research. J Comput Mediat Commun. 2005;10(2):online.
45. ASRF. The latest in ASRF news Funding Announcement. ASRF Newsletter [Internet]. 2022 March 24 March 2022; (3):[4 p.]. Available from: https://spinalresearch.com.au/newsletter/.
46. CA. We are Chiropractic: Chiropractic Australia is the peak body for evidence-based Chiropractic.: Chiropractic Australia; 2022 [Available from: https://chiropracticaustralia.org.au/resources/about-chiropractic/.
47. Kenny J, Fluck AE. Emerging principles for the allocation of academic work in universities. Higher Education. 2022;83:1371–88.
48. Strahinjevich B, Simpson JK. The schism in chiropractic through the eyes of a 1st year chiropractic student. Chiropr & Man Therap. 2018;26(1):2.
49. Dupre J. Against Scientific Imperialism. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1994;2:374-81.
50. Sackett D, Rosenberg W, Muir Gray J, Haynes R, Richardson W. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996;312(7023):71-2.
51. WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD): World Health Organization; 2022 [3 June 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
52. WHO. WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic: World Health Organization; 2005 [Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43352.
53. Chockalingam N, Needham R. Spinal Biomechanics. In: Moramarco M, Borysov M, Ng SY, Weiss H-R, editors. Schroth’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2020.
54. White AA, Panjabi MM. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990.
55. ASRF. Vertebral Subluxation Research: The Development of a Research Agenda for the Australian Spinal Research Foundation: Australian Spinal Research Foundation; 2016 [Available from: https://spinalresearch.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/The-Research-Agenda.pdf.
56. ASRF. Our Research Agenda Melbourne, Australia: Australian Spinal Research Foundation; 2022 [Available from: https://spinalresearch.com.au/research/.
57. Swain M, Downie A, Brown B, Lystad RP. A commentary to address the state of chiropractic research in Australia. Chir J Aust. 2013;43(2):73.
58. Hoskins W, Pollard H, Reggars J, Vitiello A, Bonello R. Journal publications by Australian chiropractic academics: are they enough? Chiropr Osteopat. 2006;14(1):13.
59. ANU. Schedule 1. Academic staff salary schedule Australian National University2021 [Available from: https://services.anu.edu.au/human-resources/enterprise-agreement/schedule-1-academic-staff-salary-schedule-0.
60. Kenny J, Fluck AE. Research workloads in Australian universities. Australian universities Review. 2018;60(2):25-37.
61. Bowen S, Botting I, Graham ID, MacLeod M, de Moissac D, Harlos K, et al. Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering With University-Based Researchers in Canada – A Call to “Re-imagine” Research. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2019;8(12):684-99.
62. Cooke J. Building Research Capacity for Impact in Applied Health Services Research Partnerships Comment on "Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering With University-Based Researchers in Canada - A Call to "Re-imagine" Research". Int J Health Policy Manag. 2021;10(2):93-7.
63. McAllister M, Brien DL. 'Pre-Run, Re-Run': An innovative research capacity building exercise. Nurse Educ Pract. 2017;27:144-50.
64. Van Gramberg B. Some Strategies for Strengthening Research and Teaching in the Era of the Bologna Process. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences. 2006(18 E/October).
65. AIHW. Health and medical research Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2020 [Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-and-medical-research.
66. Dyke T, Anderson WP. A history of health and medical research in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia. 2014;201(S1):S33-S6.
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Jun 17, 2022
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Amorin-Woods, L., Parkin-Smith, G., Woods, B., & Adams, J. (2022). SHOW ME THE MONEY! PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES, CAPACITY AND RESEARCH FUNDING WITHIN THE AUSTRALIAN CHIROPRACTIC PROFESSION: RESULTS OF A NATIONWIDE SURVEY. Journal of Contemporary Chiropractic, 5(1), 114–129. Retrieved from https://journal.parker.edu/index.php/jcc/article/view/208
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